About Turkey |
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General İnfos Turkey Video Bunları kültür bakanlığı sitesinden yüklenecek…… About Turkey THE MELTING POT OF CIVILISATIONS
EARLY AGES
THE LEGENDARY TROY
THE HITTITES ARRIVE monopoly of iron in Asia. This, combined with the use of the chariot, gave the Hittites a military superiority over Egypt and other Mesopotamian states. The victorious raid against Babylon in 1590 BC was the climax of the first Hittite empire, followed by a period of decline. Then, in the first half of the fourteenth century, came a revival of power. This second era saw a Hittite hegemony snatching from the shores of the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf.
MITANNI KINGDOM
THE URARTIAN STATE
THE PHRYGIANS AND KING MIDAS
THE LYDIANS INVENT M O N E Y - SARDES
ANATOLIA CHANGES HANDS AGAIN - PERGAMON
The Roman period of Anatolia began with the death of King Attalus III of Pergamon (Bergama) who willed his country to the Romans because he had no direct heir. Anatolia then lived through a period of peace and prosperity, particularly in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. The pax Romana proved to be an extraordinary period of urban development. Ephesus served as the seat of the Roman governor of Asia and as a great commercial and cultural centre.
THE ERA OF EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE By the 13th century, Roman Empire was drawing her final breath. After the mortal wound of 1204, when the Crusaders occupied Constantinople, sacked the city, forced the emperor to leave and established a Latin kingdom, she was a small state. Bulgaria declared her independence and a new maritime power, Venice took for herself the whole Aegean complex of islands. In 1261, the Byzantines had regained possession of their capital, but there were new threats.
In the 11th century, under their leader Tugrul, the Seljuk Turks founded the dynasty of great Seljuks reigning in Iran, Iraq and Syria. In 1071, his nephew Alp Arslan defeated the Byzantines in Malazgirt, near Lake Van. The doors of Anatolia were thus opened to the Turks, and Anatolia went through a profound transformation ethnically, politically, and in the religious, linguistic and cultural spheres. The Seljuk Sultanate in Anatolia continued until the beginning of the 14th century. The zenith of the Seljuk civilisation came in the first half of the 13th century with Konya as its political, economic, religious, artistic and literary centre. The Seljuks created a centralised administration organised around the Sultan, his ministers and provincial governors. Science and literature blossomed, as did mystic poetry. Anatolia was crossed by the great routes linking the east and west, and many of the caravanserais built along these routes still stand today. Agriculture, industry and handicrafts expanded and the country was suddenly rich in mosques, madrasahs (medreses - educational institutions) and caravanserais (kervansarays - roadside inns).
COLLAPSE OF THE SELJUK SULTANATE
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE GAINS GROUND
Ottoman State. During the rule of his son Orhan, Bursa and Iznik were captured and soon the whole south-eastern coast of Marmara was under Ottoman control. The many conquests and diplomatic successes of Orhan were not the only achievements of his reign. He had encouraged and promoted art, literature, science and commerce. He also established a regular standing army, known as the Janissaries. Well paid and disciplined, the Janissaries provided the new Ottoman state with a patriotic force of trained soldiers. Built upon such solid foundations, the Ottoman Empire spread apace. In the reign of Murat, this expansion was still in a westerly direction and it was not until the frontiers were extended to the Adriatic, the Danube and Thessaly, that the Sultan turned his attention towards Eastern Anatolia Now that his rule was established in Europe and Asia, Beyazit turned towards Constantinople in 1402. The city was almost within Iris grasp when he was called to meet me westward march of Timurlane which delayed the conquest of Istanbul for several decades. In 1453, under Mehmet the Conqueror, the Ottomans took Constantinople, a momentous event for the whole world and a great feat of arms. But the banner of Ottoman success was to be raised much higher and by the late l6th century the Ottomans were deep into Europe. In the following centuries, however, the Ottoman Empire lost its momentum, entered a period of stagnation and then gradually a period of decline.
WORLD WAR ONE
Against this challenge, the Turkish nation engaged in a struggle to restore her territorial integrity and independence, to repulse foreign aggressors, to create a new state, to disassociate Turkey from the crumbling Ottoman dynasty, to eradicate an old and decrepit order and to build a modern country dedicated to political, social and economic progress. This was the vision of Atatürk, a general in the Ottoman army who had distinguished himself in the defence of Gallipoli (Çanakkale) against the Naval Forces of Britain, France, Australia and New Zealand. The Ottoman victory over the Allies at Gallipoli renewed Turkey's visions for the empire Atatürk wanted a clean break with the past, to unite the nation in the quest for modernism and to lift Turkey to the level of European countries. On October 29 1923, the republic was proclaimed and Atatürk was elected president. Secularism was established by separating religious and state affairs. The Latin alphabet replaced the Arabic script and women were given the right to vote and to be elected as members of parliament. These reforms, as well as many others in all aspects of social life, put Turkey on the track towards becoming a thoroughly modern country.
A PROUD NATION · Did You Know About TURKEY? » UNESCO declares Istanbul, Pamukkale, Mt. Nemrut, Great Mosque of Divrigi, Hattusa, Safranbolu, Goreme Open Air Museum, Hierapolis, Troy, Xanthos and Letoon as World Heritages. »The four bronze horses of San Marco Cathedral welcoming the guest today in Venice, were taken from Istanbul » The biggest Open - Air temple of Ancient world found in Urfa - Gobekli Tepe. »In the Middle Ages, Istanbul had more than 1400 public toilets in the city meanwhile there weren't any even at the palaces in France and other European cities. »The first landscape picture of the world found on the wall of house at Catalhoyuk, depicted erupting volcano (Mt. Hasan) in Neolithic times (6,500 BCE). »The First University in History is in Harran, Turkey »Istanbul, the precious queen of Turkey is the only city on the world spread in both Asia and Europe »The oldest known human settlement in Turkey is Catalhoyuk (7th Millennium B.C.) »Hereke which is in the world carpeting literature with the quality of the wool and silk rugs is in Izmit (Kocaeli) Turkey. »The first church built by man (St. Peter's Church) is in Antioch (Antakya) » The Hittites sold Abraham the cave where he buried his wife Sarah, when the Israelites came to Palestine. »The oldest sculpture on the world found in Urfa remains from 13 century BC. »Kasikci diamond (86 carats) one of the greatest pieces of the world and is displayed in Topkapi Palace. »Noah's Ark landed on Mt. Ararat (Agri Dagi) in Eastern Turkey. »The last meal on Noah's Ark, a pudding of sweet and sour taste (Asure), is still served throughout Turkey. »Tarsus is the birthplace of St. Paul the Apostle. »Crystal flakes can seen with bare-eyes in Erzurum-Kars region »The First Ecumenical Council was held in Iznik, Turkey. »Female goddesses dominated the Central Anatolian pantheon for thousands of years before these supernatural powers were transformed to male gods. »Ankara cat is famous with two colored eyes and white fur. »Alexander the Great cut the intricate Gordian knot at the Phrygian capital, Gordion. »Angora wool derived from Ankara Goats and Rabbits. »The most valuable silk carpet in the world is in the Mevlana museum in Konya. »Central Anatolia was home to the capital cities of 3 major empires: the Hittite Empire at Hattusa, the Phrygian Empire of King Midas at Gordion, and the Seljuk Empire at Konya. »The Million stone at Sultanahmet square Istanbul was the zero point of the world once upon a time. »Wine was produced in the Cappadocia region as early as 4,000 BCE. »Three of the 10 remaining mobile mosaic icons of the world and according to the belief of Orthodox, Jesus Christ's cross which he was crucified are in Greek Orthodox Patriarchate »Sarcophagus of Alexander, First peace treatment of world are exhibits in Istanbul Archeology Museum. »Hagia Sophia was the biggest cathedral on the world for thousands years and still it is the 4th biggest one. »First bridge of Bosphorus made by ships tied each other in Persian Invasion at 4th century BC. »Constantinople was founded on seven hills like Rome. »The world largest numbers of cave churches are in Cappadocia, many with in-situ frescos. »The earliest domesticated wheat, Einkorn, can still be found growing wild in Cappadocia. »Three of the greatest fathers of the Christian Church, Saint Basil, Saint Gregory of Nazianzus, and Saint Gregory of Nyssa, were all Cappadocians. »Pottery has been making in Avanos for 10,000 years. »The most famous Dradon Slayer, Saint George was born in Cappadocia and the crusades spread his fame to Europe on their way back to home. »The Cappadocia region has about 30 known underground cities that could safely hide 100,000 people in troubled times. »St. Nicholas, also known as Santa Clause, was born in Demre, on Turkey's Mediterranean Coast. »The Best preserved Roman Theater is located in Aspendos , Antalya. » Virgin Mary's house where she spent her last days, situated on the top of Bulbul dagi (Ephesus), is considered as a holy place for all religions. »Some oft he historic legends such as Homer (the poet), King Midas, Herodotus (the father of history) was born in this legend. »The famous Trojan Wars took place in Truva town. » Ephesusand Halicarnassus - two of the most famous places of the ancient world - are both in Turkey. »Seven Churches of Revelation are all in Aegean Region in Turkey (Ephesus, Sardis, Tyatira, Pergamon, Philadelphia, Smyrna, Collosae) »The Color "Turquoise" comes from the clean see color on the Aegean Cost in Turkey. » The world's greatest amphora and glass collection is in Bodrum Museum in Bodrum Castle. »Virgin Mary's House in Ephesus is visited by Pope the 6th Paul and Pope Jean Paul as well. »Lydia which is one of the greatest civilization lived in Anatolia has still got some remainings around Salihli (Sardis) and it's the first civilization which coined money. »The philosopher Aristotales lived in Assos for three years. »Julius Caesar proclaimed his celebrated words, "Veni, Vidi, Vici (I came, I saw, I conquered)" in North Anatolia when he defeated the Pontus, a formidable kingdom in the Black Sea region of Turkey. »On Black sea region has more then 100 un-named and 200 different endemic plants in flora.
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